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　　巴黎氣候變化大會于2015年12月12日晚通過全球氣候變化新協議。《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》近200個締約方一致同意通過《巴黎協定》。協議規定，各國應著眼于盡快達到“溫室氣體排放量的全球峰值”，并在本世紀下半葉實現人類活動排放與自然吸收之間的平衡（凈零排放）。

　　三大目標

　　2攝氏度＋1.5攝氏度；前工業化水平

　　Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.

　　遏制全球平均溫度至不高于前工業化時期２攝氏度，謀求將溫度增長限制在不高于前工業化時期１.５攝氏度，如此才能大幅度降低氣候變化帶來的風險和影響。

　　氣候恢復

　　Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production

　　增強對氣候變化不利影響的適應能力，在不威脅糧食生產的前提下，培育氣候恢復和低溫室氣體排放式發展。

　　Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development

　　資金流動與低溫室氣體排放和氣候順應發展道路相適應。

　　【名詞解釋】Intended Nationally determined contributions（INDCs）

　　國別自定預期貢獻。為實現COP21巴黎協定，各國公開出臺2020年后應對氣候變化規劃被稱為INDC。這標志著氣候治理路線與《京都議定書》不同，從強制絕對目標轉向國家自定貢獻。

　　Developed country Parties shall continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets.

　　發達國家應承擔整個經濟范圍內的絕對減排目標。

　　Developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.

　　發展中國家應加強限排努力，鼓勵根據不同的國家情況，向全經濟減排或限制目標轉移。

　　絕對減排（Absolute Emission Reduction）與排放強度（Emissions Intensity ）

　　絕對減排是對二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體排放的量化，排放強度則指每單位經濟產出的排放量。對于發展中國家來說，降低了排放強度，即每生產一個經濟產品，排放的溫室氣體減少了，但因為經濟總體處于大發展階段，總體的排放仍然在增加，并將于某一年達到峰值。這與發達國家要承擔的絕對數量減排有區別。

　　國際合作，兩個手段

　　Parties shall, where engaging on a voluntary basis in cooperative approaches that involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency.

　　各方應在自愿基礎上使用國際性可轉讓減排成果，以實現國別貢獻，促進可持續發展并確保環境數據誠實透明。

　　各方認識到統一、整體、平衡的非市場手段可用于幫助各方履行國別排放貢獻……包括適宜的減緩、順應、融資、技術轉讓和能力建設。

　　除了自己加緊減排，還有什么國際合作的手段呢？第一是市場手段。比方說，我比較窮，有減排份額排不完，我就賣給你，你把我的份額用了，拿出錢來幫助我發展綠色經濟，這時市場的方法。第二是非市場手段。

　　順應氣候首先要順應實際

　　Parties acknowledge that adaptation action should follow a country-driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparentapproach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and should be based on and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional knowledge, knowledge of indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems, with a view to integrating adaptation into relevant socioeconomic and environmental policies and actions.

　　各方承認順應行為應以國家為基礎，考慮性別因素，鼓勵參與及保證透明。考慮到弱勢群體、社區和生態系統，以最可行的科技和最適宜的傳統知識、當地經驗為基礎，旨在把順應行為整合到相關的社會經濟和環境政策及行為中去。

　　不可避免的究竟不可避免，不僅要減緩，還要順應。和人類在冰河時期死傷大半不同，現在這種順應有更多的倫理和科學考慮，其中最重要一點，就是要結合當地實際情況。

　　誰應該拿錢？

　　Developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention.

　　發達國家應向發展中國家提供財政支持，繼續按現有《公約》義務支持其減緩和順應。

　　Support, including financial support, shall be provided to developing country Parties for...strengthening cooperative action on technology development and transfer at different stages of the technology cycle.

　　應向發展中國家提供財力支持，以在技術周期的不同階段，強化技術發展和技術轉讓的合作行為。

　　怎么搞的要說清楚

　　Each Party shall regularly provide the following information:

　　(a) A national inventory report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases, prepared using good practice methodologies accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement

　　各方應定期提供下列信息。

　　a）提供國家人為排放溫室氣體的來源及消除清單，采用氣候變化政府間小組接受且巴黎協議約定的正確方法。

　　(b) Information necessaryto track progress made in implementing and achieving its nationally determined contribution under Article 4

　　b）實施和達到國別排放目標中可追查的信息。

　　五年一盤點

　　The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

　　巴黎協議各方應于2023年達成階段性目標并進行全球盤點，此后每五年一次，除非巴黎協議另有規定。

　　This Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date on which at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting in total for at least an estimated 55 percent of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

　　本協議將于至少55個參與國（其其排放量占比超過全球的55%）遞交簽署、批準或加入文件當日后的第３０日起生效。